Vaddera
Vaddera (alternatively Vadde, Vadderaju or Waddera) is a caste in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and some other states in India. Their ancestors were stonecutters and diggers of wells.
Alternatively Vaddera people known as Wadders in Maharashtra, Vadde, vaddila in Andhra Pradesh and as Bhovi in Karnataka are an ethnic community native to Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat,Western Orissa and other states in India.
The Vaddar, have various other names too such as Bhovi, Wadda, Tudugvaddar, Voddar, Vaddar, Girinivaddar, Od and Odde.
The Vaddar have decreased in population considerably during british rule. They are basically from Rayala seema, meaning the country of rocks and hills located in Southern India mainly from Andhra Pradesh and bordering Karnataka. They warriors by caste, due to the decline of Indian imperial power and invasion of muslims and british rule turned to be many went fugitives and the captive were put to laboureous works like stone cutting, earth digging and therefore, the warrior class reduced dust. These unfortunates turned out be permanently stone cutter, earth-workers, and are constantly moving about in search of work.
There are three main groups in the Bhovis, namely Kallu Bhovi who are stone cutters, Mannu Bhovi who are earth-workers and Uppar Bhovi who work as menial laborers in the municipality. They speak Telugu and Kannada.
The Bhovi women have a role in the economic, social and religious spheres of their community and contribute to the family income. While earth digging, stone cutting and daily wage labors are their traditional and primary occupations, agriculture is the secondary occupation for those settled in villages.
The etymology of the word ‘Bhovi’ is from the word bhovi meaning the leader or headman of group of vaddars community speaks vaddar language originated from Rayala seema meaning the land of rocks. The vaddars also known as vodde, vaddila, odda, odde, bhovi, odeyar, wadeyar from place to place who are nomadic tribe travel in search of occupations like land levelling for cultivation for farmer community, digging of earth and canals, making of roads, cutting of rocks and stones for the purpose of construction of water tanks, houses and making roads. They are called as Uru oddar or Uru bhovis in the region of Banavasi of Karnataka who are known for surveying of lands to settlement of villages, the Uru means village therefore, those who make land levelling for location of villages and cultivation are known as uru bhovis, similarly the earth diggers and land suppliers of sands to make roads and other construction are known to be matti voddars or mannu vaddaru. Those who transport sand from river beds on the back of donkeys and horses are called as katte vadders or rahuth vadders. those who cut huge rocks and roll out them on huge carts known as Bande vadders or bandi vadders or Gaali vadders. those who mill stone and crush as jelly stone are known as Girini vaddars and those who work on stones, slabs,quarries and Mining are known as Kallu vadders. there are arstisans in this community who make grinding stones and other house hold articles are known as Pathrots. They claim to be the clan of Bhagirath Ganga, who built a canal from the Ganges in the Himalayas when there was a hundred-year drought in northern India. This Bhagirath was requested by then Kshathriyas to find a solution, inturn he was given the status of Kshathriya and he was successful in excavation of huge canals from Himalayas to the Prayag and diverted the Ganges to the whole northern part of India. Hence the Bhagirath was remembered as saviour of northern part of India and they remember him as the son of the Ganges. Therefore, these wadders being the oldest community in India claim them as builders of India. They speak ODDE languange out of which the Telugu, Kannada, Tulu and after which Tamil, Malayalam and Sihamlese languages said to have taken origin. The wadders were the first to scribe on Rocks during the reign of the Asoka the Great. The King Kharavela claim him as the great Odda and his hathigumpa Inscription subscribes with superscripture as sri odde, meaning the blessings of Odda, the fore father of present Orissa. Bhovi Waddar or Vaddar, Vaddar, Od, Odde, have common Gothras all over Karnataka, Andhara Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The Gotra is a term applied to an ancestor or an originator through whom a particular family has originated. A Gotra is the lineage or clan assigned to a Hindu at birth. In most cases, the system is patrilineal and the gotra assigned is the gotra of the persons father. Lineage segment within an Indian caste, indicating common descent from a mythical ancestor. Marriage by members of the same gotra is traditionally prohibited. The custom is intended to prevent inbreeding as well as to broaden the influence of each gotra through marriage alliances. A common mistake is to consider gotra to be synonymous with cult or 'Kula'. A 'kula' is basically a set of people following similar rituals, often worshipping the same God (the Kula-Devata - the God of the cult). Kula has nothing to do with lineage or caste and it is possible to change ones Kula based on faith or ista devtha.
Bhovi caste consists several Gotras (Kulams) which has same meaning in Telugu and Tamil language. These gotras are believed to be shared from Reddi. As per a folklore belief the Odda was the is elder brother among Radda,the Reddy, Kamma and Komati.
Gotras In Telugu The following are examples of exogamous septs among the Bhovis and Odes: Alkunta Burasu or Oorsu or Poola ( Flower ) Bantula ( Soldier ) Bandi ( Cart ) Bandollu ( Rock ) Cheemala ( Ants ) Cheruku ( Sugar ) Dandu ( Army ) Deringula Gandikota Gampa ( Basket ) Goddali ( axe ) Idakotta ( Break-down ) Janjapu or Kunchapu ( Sacred Thread ) Jeri Bothula or jadebila ( Centipede ) Kotala ( Fort ) Koniali ( Clown ) Mekala or Makali ( Herdsmen ) Nalla Bothula ( Good ) Peetalu ( Strength ) Panthikottu ( pig-killer ) Pasupu ( Turmeric ) Rajulu ( Prince ) Santhalu ( Fair ) Thapta ( Drum ) Thatichettu ( Palymra ) Uppu tolla ( Salt ) Vallapu or Bellappu ( Jaggery ) Vemulu ( Neem ) Thaalluri ( Landlords ) In Tamil Aalam Kulam ( Banyan Tree ) Eecham Kulam ( Palymra Tree ) Dhandu Kulam ( Army ) Dyarangam Kulam ( Tent ) Karumbu Kulam ( Sugar cane ) Komali Kulam ( Clown ) Manjal Kulam ( Turmeric ) Nallam Kulam ( Good ) Poosam Kulam ( Flower ) Raja Kulam ( Prince ) Raasi Kulam ( Luck ) Semavar Kulam ( Ants ) Theku Kulam ( Teak Tree) Vembu Kulam ( Neem Tree) Uppu Kulam ( salt ) In Kannada Akshantala (Rice grain) Arashina (Turmeric) Huvvina (flowers) Honna (gold) Uppu ( salt ) The names of Wadders for example Waddar Basappa or Vaddar Basanna, Bhalachandra Alakunte (Ex.MLA of Sholapur) in Maharashtra and Govindaraj Wodeyar, Sunil Valyapure (Ex.MLA from Gulbarga) northern Karnatka, Vadde Basavaraju in Andhra Pradesh, Basappa Bhovi or Basya bhovi, Thimmabhovi (EX.Deputy Speaker and MLA from Mudigere in Chikmagalur dist,Goudara Basavanyappa EX.Minister a Uru waddar from Shikaripur in southern Karnataka depict the caste and family name of this community people Common gotras found in other castes for example :- Dandu (army) — A sub-division of Idiga, and an exogamous sept of Boya and Kapu. Gandikota. — A sub-division of Kamma.
Some statistics about Wadders:
Continent: Asia
Region: South Asia
Rank by population: 32
Population in Indian Country: 3,307,000 Largest States: Andhra Pradesh (1,108,000) Karnataka (1,028,000)
Tamil Nadu (425,000) Maharashtra (294,000)
Haryana (119,000) Gujarat (73,000)
Delhi (40,000) Odisha (34,000)
Punjab (15,000) Kerala (7,100)
Alternate People Names:
Beldar Rajput / od Rajput Bandi Wadder Bandaloru Bandollu Bande Waddaru Bhagirath Vanshi
Bhovi: Ettina Oddaru Girani Oddar / Gundu Waddaru / Kalkar /Nungar Beesuva Kallu oddaru Bisi kallu oddaru Hasi kallu oddaru Kallu oddaru /Rala Waddalu /Raja Waddalu /Ralavaru Katte Oddaru /Maralu oddaru Kudre Oddaru / rahutt oddaru Lodha
Mannu Oddaru
Od Odayar Odde Odhar Patrot Shilpi Tudug Vaddar Vadar Vadda Vadi Wadar Wadda Odeyar
Population Language Religion
3,307,000 Telugu
Hinduism
A Forum for BHOVI COMMUNITY and A Warm Welcome to the world of Lokashilpis* Public Workers Community BLOG who have build and building this nation and creating the wealth of this nation and making the country proud, without them we and our country have nothing to say with pride and to shine *Bhovi, Bandeyavar, Bandi-Matti-Kallu-Gadi-Girani-Mannu-Wadda- Wadder; Vodda, Vodde, Vadde, Vaddila, Shilpi, Pathrot, Kalkuti, Kallukutkar-Kallukuttigar, Jakkanas, Shilahar Kshathriyar ..
Monday 19 March 2012
Monday 12 March 2012
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shathavahana-- nooru bandiyavaru
Satavahana dynasty
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(Redirected from Satavahanas)
| Satavahana Empire శాతవాహన సామ్రాజ్యము सालवाहण | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Capital | Amaravati Prathisthan | ||||||||||||||||||
| Language(s) | Maharashtri Prakrit[1] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism Hinduism | ||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||||||||||||
| - 230–207 BC | Simuka | ||||||||||||||||||
| - 190s AD | Madhariputra Svami Sakasena (?) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Antiquity | ||||||||||||||||||
| - Established | 230 BC | ||||||||||||||||||
| - Disestablished | 220 | ||||||||||||||||||
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The Sātavāhana Empire (Telugu: శాతవాహన సామ్రాజ్యము, Maharashtri: सालवाहण,Sālavāhaṇa[3]) or Andhra Empire, was a royal Indian dynasty based from Dharanikotaand Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) inMaharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years, until around 220 CE. The Satavahanas are credited for establishing peace in the country, resisting the onslaught of foreigners after the decline of Mauryan Empire.
Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) toAmaravati. The Sātavāhanas were one of the first Indian state to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India.
They had to compete with the Sungas and then the Kanvas of Magadha to establish their rule. Later, they had to contend in protecting their domain from the incursions of Sakas,Yavanas and Pahlavas. In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapasweakened them and the empire split into smaller states.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Origins
In the Pūrānas and on their coins the dynasty is variously referred to as the Sātavāhanas or Sālavāhaṇa, Sātakarnīs, Andhras and Andhrabhrityas.[4] A reference to the Sātavāhanas by the Greek traveler Megasthenes indicates that they possessed 100,000 infantry, 1,000 elephants, and had more than 30 well built fortified towns:
Next come the Andarae, a still more powerful race, which possesses numerous villages, and thirty towns defended by walls and towers, and which supplies its king with an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry, and 1,000 elephants.
The Sātavāhanas ruled a large and powerful empire that withstood the onslaughts from Central Asia. Aside from their military power, their commercialism and naval activity is evidenced by establishment of Indian colonies in Southeast Asia.
The Sātavāhanas began as feudatories to the Mauryan Empire. They seem to have been under the control of Emperor Ashoka, who claims they were in his domain, and that he introduced Buddhism among them:
Here in the king's domain among the Yavanas (Greeks), the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma.—Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)
The Satavahanas declared independence some time after the death of Ashoka (232 BCE), as the Maurya Empire began to weaken.
It is believed that they were originally practicing Hindu religion (as per Sthala Purana of Amaravathi.[6] Some rulers like Maharaja Satakarni are believed to have performed Vedic sacrifices as well.[6]
They were not only worshipers of Vishnu and Shiva but also respected Buddha, but also other incarnations of, Gauri, Indra, the sun and moon.[7] They were mostly Buddhistic Vaishnavites. Under their reign, Buddha had been worshiped as a form of Vishnu in Amaravati[8]
[edit]Etymology
Śātavāhana, Śālivāhana, Śātakarṇi seem to be Sanskritised versions of the aboriginal nameSātakaṇi and appears as Sālavāhaṇa in Prakrit vernacular then.[9]
[edit]Early rulers
The Early Satavahanas ruled Andhra and present Telangana regions which was always their heartland. The Pūrānas list 30 Andhra rulers. Many are known from their coins and inscriptions as well.
[edit]Simuka (c.230–207 BCE)
After becoming independent around 230 BCE, Simuka, the founder of the dynasty, conquered Maharashtra, Malwa and part of Madhya Pradesh. He was succeeded by his brother Kanha (or Krishna) (r. 207–189 BCE), who further extended his state to the west and the south.
[edit]Satakarni (c.180–124 BCE)
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His successor Sātakarnī I was the sixth ruler of the Satavahana. He is said to have ruled for 56 years.
Satakarni defeated the Sunga dynasty of North India by wresting Western Malwa from them, and performed severalVedic sacrifices at huge cost, including the horse sacrifice –Ashwamedha yajna. He also was in conflict with the Kalingaruler Kharavela, who mentions him in the Hathigumpha inscription. According to the Yuga Purana he conqueredKalinga following the death of Kharavela. He extended Satavahana rule over Madhya Pradesh and pushed back the Sakas from Pataliputra (he is thought to be the Yuga Purana's "Shata", an abbreviation of the full name “Shri Sata” that occurs on coins fromUjjain), where he subsequently ruled for 10 years.
By this time the dynasty was well established, with its capital at Pratishthānapura (Paithan) inMaharashtra, and its power spreading into all of South India.
[edit]Kanva suzerainty (75–35 BCE)
Many small rulers succeeded Satakarni, such as Lambodara, Apilaka, Meghasvati and Kuntala Satakarni, who are thought to have been under the suzerainty of the Kanva dynasty. The Puranas (the Matsya Purana, the Vayu Purana, the Brahmanda Purana, the Vishnu Purana) all state that the first of the Andhra rulers rose to power in the 1st century BCE, by slaying Susarman, the last ruler of the Kanvas.[10] This feat is usually thought to have been accomplished by Pulomavi (c. 30–6 BCE), who then ruled over Pataliputra.
[edit]Victory over the Shakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas
The 1st century CE saw another incursion of the Sakas of Central Asia into India, where they formed the dynasty of the Western Kshatrapas. The four immediate successors of Hāla (r. 20–24 CE) had short reigns totalling about a dozen years. During the reign of the Western SatrapNahapana, the Satavahanas lost a considerable territory to the satraps, including eastern Malwa, Southern Gujarat, and Northern Konkan, from Broach to Sopara and the Nasik and Pune.[11]
[edit]Gautamiputra Satakarni (78–106 CE)
Eventually Gautamiputra (Sri Yagna) Sātakarni (also known as Shalivahan) (r. 78–106 CE) defeated the Western Satrap ruler Nahapana, restoring the prestige of his dynasty by reconquering a large part of the former dominions of the Sātavāhanas. He was an ardent supporter ofBuddhism.
According to the Nasik inscription made by his mother Gautami Balasri, he is the one...
...who crushed down the pride and conceit of the Kshatriyas (the native Indian princes, the Rajputs of Rajputana, Gujarat and Central India); who destroyed the Shakas (Western Kshatrapas), Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) and Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians),... who rooted the Khakharata family (The Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race.[12]
Gautamiputra Satakarni may also have started the calendar known as Shalivahana era or Shaka era, which is followed by the Gujarati,Marathi, Kannadiga and Telugu people and is the Indian national calendar.
Gautamiputra Sātakarni's son, Vashishtiputra Pulumāyi (r. 106–130 CE), succeeded him. Gautamiputra was the first Sātavāhana ruler to issue the portrait-type coinage, in a style derived from the Western Satraps.[13]
[edit]Successors
Gautamiputra's brother, Vashishtiputra Sātakarni, married the daughter of Rudradaman I of the Western Satraps dynasty. Around 150 CE, Rudradaman I, now his father-in-law, waged war against the Satavahanas, who were defeated twice in these conflicts. Vashishtiputra Satakarni was only spared his life because of his family links with Rudradaman:[14]
"Rudradaman (...) who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni, the lord of Dakshinapatha, on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him."—Junagadh rock inscription[15]
As a result of his victories, Rudradaman regained all the former territories previously held by Nahapana, except for the extreme south territories of Pune and Nasik.[13] Satavahana dominions were limited to their original base in the Deccan and eastern central India around Amaravati. However, the last great king of this dynasty, Yajna Satakarni, defeated the Western Satraps and reconquered their southern regions in western and central India.[16] During the reign of Sri Yajna Sātakarni (170–199 CE) the Sātavāhanas regained some prosperity, and some of his coins have been found in Saurashtra[17]but around the middle of the 3rd century, the dynasty came to an end.
[edit]Decline of the Satavahanas
Four or five kings of Yajna Satakarni's line succeeded him, and continued to rule till about the mid 200s CE. However, the dynasty was soon extinguished following the rise of its feudatories, perhaps on account of a decline in central power.[18]
Several dynasties divided the lands of the kingdom among themselves. Among them were:
- Western Satraps in the northwestern part of the kingdom.
- Andhra Ikshvakus (or Srīparvatiyas) in the Krishna-Guntur region. (r. 220–320 CE).
- Abhiras in the western part of the kingdom. They were ultimately to succeed the Sātavāhanas in their capital Pratishthānapura.
- Chutus of Banavasi in North Karnataka.
- Kadambas of Banavasi in North Karnataka.
- Pallavas of Kanchipuram, of whom the first ruler was Simhavarman I (r. 275–300 CE).
[edit]Coinage
The Satavahanas are the first native Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Satraps he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest.
Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and even facial features (curly hair, long ears and strong lips). They issued mainly lead and copper coins; their portrait-style silver coins were usually struck over coins of the Western Kshatrapa kings.
The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a Prakrit dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Telugu language,[19] which seems to have been in use in their heartland abutting the Godavari, Kotilingala, Karimnagar, Krishna, Amaravati, Guntur in Andhra Pradesh.[20]
Their coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (stupas), as well as the "Ujjain symbol", a cross with four circles at the end. The legendary Ujjayini Emperor Vikramditiya on whose name the Vikram Samvat is initiated might be Satakarni II a Satavahana emperor as the Ujjayini symbol also appeared on the Satavahana coins.
[edit]Cultural achievements
Of the Sātavāhana kings, Hāla (r. 20–24 CE) is famous for compiling the collection of Maharashtripoems known as the Gaha Sattasai (Sanskrit: Gāthā Saptashatī), although from linguistic evidence it seems that the work now extant must have been re-edited in the succeeding century or two. TheLilavati describes his marriage with a Ceylonese Princess.
The Satavahanas influenced South-East Asia to a great extent, spreading Hindu culture, language and religion into that part of the world. Their coins had images of ships.
[edit]Art of Amaravati
The Sātavāhana rulers are also remarkable for their contributions to Buddhist art and architecture. They built great stupas in the Krishna River Valley, including the stupa at Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh. The stupas were decorated in marble slabs and sculpted with scenes from the life of theBuddha, portrayed in a characteristic slim and elegant style. The Satavahana empire colonizedSoutheast Asia and spread Indian culture to those parts. Mahayana Buddhism, which may have originated in Andhra (northwestern India being the alternative candidate), was carried to many parts ofAsia by the rich maritime culture of the Satavahanas. The Amaravati style of sculpture spread to Southeast Asia at this time.
[edit]Art of Sanchi
The Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the Buddhist stupa of Sanchi. The gateways and the balustrade were built after 70 BCE, and appear to have been commissioned by them. An inscription records the gift of one of the top architraves of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana Emperor Satakarni:
Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni[21]
Throughout, the Buddhist art of the Satavahanas remained aniconic, denying any human representation of the Buddha, even in highly descriptive scenes. This remained true until the end of the Satavahana rule, in the 2nd century CE.
[edit]List of rulers
Puranic list of Satavahana rulers[22]. This list, the most complete one with 30 kings, is based on theMatsya Purana.
- Simuka or Sisuka (r. 230–207 BCE).
- Krishna (r. 207–189 BCE), ruled 18 years.
- Sri Mallakarni (or Sri Satakarni), ruled 10 years.
- Purnotsanga, ruled 18 years
- Skandhastambhi, ruled 18 years
- Sātakarnī I (195 BCE), ruled 56 years
- Lambodara, ruled 18 years.(r. 87–67 BCE)
Probably as vassals of Kanva dynasty (75–35 BCE):
- Apilaka, ruled 12 years.
- Meghasvati (or Saudasa), ruled 18 years.
- Svati (or Svami), ruled 18 years.
- Skandasvati, ruled 7 years.
- Mahendra Satakarni (or Mrgendra Svatikarna, Satakarni II), ruled 8 years.
- Kuntala Satakarni (or Kuntala Svatikarna), ruled 8 years.
- Svatikarna, ruled 1 year.
- Pulomavi (or Patumavi), ruled 36 years.
- Riktavarna (or Aristakarman), ruled 25 years.
- Hāla (r. 20–24 CE), author of the Gathasaptasati, an Indian literature classic, ruled 5 years.
- Mandalaka (or Bhavaka, Puttalaka), ruled 5 years.
- Purindrasena, ruled 5 years.
- Sundara Satakarni, ruled 1 year.
- Cakora Satakarni (or Cakora Svatikarna), ruled 6 months.
- Sivasvati, ruled 28 years.
- Gautamiputra Sātakarni, or Gautamiputra, popularly known as Shalivahan (r. 25–78 CE), ruled 21 years.
- Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi, or Puloma, Puliman (r. 78–114 CE), ruled 28 years.
- Vashishtiputra Sātakarni (r. 130–160), or Shiva Sri, Sivasri, ruled 7 years.
- Shivaskanda Satakarni, (157–159), ruled 7 years.
- Yajna Sri Satakarni, (r. 167–196 CE), ruled 29 years.
- Vijaya, ruled 6 years.
- Canda Sri Satakarni, ruled 10 years.
- Pulomavi IV, 7 years.
- Madhariputra Svami Sakasena (r. c.190)
[edit]See also
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